Prenatal Diagnosis of Cyclops, Proboscis and Holoprosencephaly with
4D Ultrasound: Review of the Literature Apropos of an Illustrative Case

Apostolos P. ATHANASIADIS, Konstantinos N. CHATZIGEORGIOU, Christina TZANNATOU,
Themistoklis MIKOS, Grigoris GRIMBIZIS, John N. BONTIS
Thessaloniki-Greece

Holoprosencephaly is a heterogeneous entity characterized by defects of the mid forebrain and face, due to the impaired midline cleavage of the embryonic forebrain and is one of the most common developmental disorders of the brain. Prenatal diagnosis of cerebral abnormalities with the conventional two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound is well documented. Accompanying anomalies such as facial deformities and holoprosencephaly, have recently been described with the use of three-dimensional (3D-4D) ultrasound.The application of this novel diagnostic modality seems to increase accuracy and sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound. We review the international literature apropos of a representative case documented both with 2D and 3D ultrasound.
(Gynecol Obstet Reprod Med 2005; 11:124-126)

Key Words: Cyclops, Proboscis, Holoprosencephaly, 4D Ultrasound, Prenatal diagnosis